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TypeScript高级类型

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2020-12-22 01:51:06 阅读 2072

GitHub地址

https://github.com/pdslly/advanced_ts_types

交叉类型(Intersection Types)

交叉类型是将多个类型合并为一个类型。 这让我们可以把现有的多种类型叠加到一起成为一种类型,它包含了所需的所有类型的特性。 例如, Person & Serializable & Loggable同时是 Person 和 Serializable 和 Loggable。 就是说这个类型的对象同时拥有了这三种类型的成员。

type LeftType = { id: number left: string } type RightType = { id: number right: string } type IntersectionType = LeftType & RightType function showType(arg: IntersectionType) { console.log(arg) } showType({id: 1, left: "left", right: "right"}) // Output: { id: 1, left: 'left', right: 'right' }

联合类型(Union Types)

联合类型与交叉类型很有关联,但是使用上却完全不同。 偶尔你会遇到这种情况,一个代码库希望传入number或string类型的参数。 例如下面的函数:

type UnionType = number | string function showType(arg: UnionType) { console.log(arg) } showType("str") // Output: str showType(100) // Output: 100

泛型(Generic Types)

泛型是重用指定类型的一种方法,类型变量T可以帮助我们捕获用户传入的类型。

可重用方法

function showType<T>(arg: T) { console.log(arg) } showType<string>("test") // 指定类型 // Output: test showType(1) // 类型推导 // Output: 1

可重用接口

type Names = "小明" | "小李" | "小张" interface GenerateType<T> { id: number name: T } function showTypeWithString(arg: GenerateType<string>) { console.log(arg) } showTypeWithString({id: 1, name: "lxy"}) // Output: { id: 1, name: 'lxy' } function showTypeWithNumber(arg: GenerateType<number>) { console.log(arg) } showTypeWithNumber({id: 1, name: 11}) // Output: { id: 1, name: 11 } function showTypeWithNames(arg: GenerateType<Names>) { console.log(arg) } showTypeWithNames({id: 1, name: "小明"}) // Output: { id: 1, name: '小明' }

泛型类型可以接收多个参数。在这里,我们传入两个参数:T和U,然后将它们用作属性的类型注释。也就是说,我们现在可以使用该接口并提供不同的类型作为参数。

interface GenericType<T, U> { id: T name: U } function showType(arg: GenericType<number, string>) { console.log(arg) } showType({id: 1, name: "lxy"}) // Output: { id: 1, name: 'lxy' } function showTypeTwo(arg: GenericType<number, string[]>) { console.log(arg) } showTypeTwo({id: 1, name: ["lxy"]}) // Output: { id: 1, name: ['lxy'] }

实用程序类型(Utility Type)

TypeScript提供了方便的内置实用程序,可帮助轻松地操作类型。要使用它们,您需要将要转换的类型传递给<>。

  • Partial<T>

将T类型的所有属性设为可选

interface PartialType { id: number firstname: string lastname: string } function showType(arg: Partial<PartialType>) { console.log(arg) } showType({id: 1}) // Output: {id: 1} showType({id: 1, firstname: "Li"}) // Output: {id: 1, firstname: 'Li'} showType({firstname: "Li", lastname: "Yang"}) // Output: {firstname: 'Li', lastname: 'Yang'}
  • Required<T>

与Partial相反,T类型的所有属性设为必填项

interface RequiredType { id: number firstname?: string lastname?: string } function showType(arg: Required<RequiredType>) { console.log(arg) } showType({id: 1, firstname: "Li", lastname: "Yang"}) // Output {id: 1, firstname: "Li", lastname: "Yang"} showType({id: 1}) // 编译报错 Type '{ id: number; }' is missing the following properties from type 'Required<RequiredType>': firstname, lastname
  • Readonly<T>

T类型的所有属性设为只读

interface ReadonlyType { id: number name: string } function showType(arg: Readonly<ReadonlyType>) { arg.id = 4 console.log(arg) } showType({id: 1, name: "lxy"}) // 编译报错 Cannot assign to 'id' because it is a read-only property.
  • Pick<T, K>

从T类型上选择某些属性K并创建新类型

interface PickType { id: number firstname: string lastname: string } type K1 = "firstname" & "lastname" type K2 = "firstname" | "lastname" function showTypeWithK1(arg: Pick<PickType, K1>) { console.log(arg) } showTypeWithK1({lastname: "Yang"}) // Output {lastname: "Yang"} showTypeWithK1({firstname: "Li", lastname: "Yang"}) // Output {firstname: "Li", lastname: "Yang"} function showTypeWithK2(arg: Pick<PickType, K2>) { console.log(arg) } showTypeWithK2({lastname: "Yang"}) // 编译错误 Property 'firstname' is missing in type '{ lastname: string; }' but required in type 'Pick<PickType, K2>' showTypeWithK2({firstname: "Li", lastname: "Yang"}) // Output {firstname: "Li", lastname: "Yang"}
  • Omit<T, K>

与Pick相反,从T类型上删除某些属性K并创建新类型

interface OmitType { id: number firstname: string lastname: string } type K = "firstname" | "lastname" function showType(arg: Omit<OmitType, K>) { console.log(arg) } showType({id: 1}) // Output {id: 1} showType({id: 1, firstname: "Li"}) // 编译报错 Object literal may only specify known properties, and 'firstname' does not exist in type 'Pick<OmitType, "id">'.
  • Extract<T, U>

从T类型和U类型中抽出共有的属性

type K1 = 1 | 2 | 3 type K2 = 3 | 4 | 5 type ExtractType = Extract<K1, K2> // ExtractType = 3 function showType(arg: ExtractType) { console.log(arg) } showType(3) // Output 3 showType(4) // 编译报错 Argument of type '4' is not assignable to parameter of type '3'
  • Exclude<T, U>

与Extract相反,从T类型属性中排除U类型中存在的属性

type K1 = 1 | 2 | 3 type K2 = 3 | 4 | 5 type ExcludeType = Exclude<K1, K2> // ExcludeType = 1 | 2 function showType(arg: ExcludeType) { console.log(arg) } showType(1) // Output 1 showType(4) // 编译报错 Argument of type '4' is not assignable to parameter of type '1 | 2'.
  • Record<K, T>

构造指定类型为T的索引类型为K的记录

interface Person { name: string } let UserList: Record<number, Person> = [ {name: "小张"}, {name: "小李"}, {name: "小王"} ] let UserObj: Record<string, Person> = { "a": {name: "小张"}, "b": {name: "小李"}, "c": {name: "小王"} } console.log(UserList) // Output [ { name: '小张' }, { name: '小李' }, { name: '小王' } ] console.log(UserObj) // Output { a: { name: '小张' }, b: { name: '小李' }, c: { name: '小王' } }
  • NonNullable<T>

从T类型中删除null和undefined

type T = string | number | null | undefined function showType(arg: NonNullable<T>) { console.log(arg) } showType(0) // Output 0 showType("lxy") // Output 'lxy' showType(null) // 编译错误 Argument of type 'null' is not assignable to parameter of type 'string | number'. showType(undefined) // 编译错误 Argument of type 'undefined' is not assignable to parameter of type 'string | number'.

映射类型(Mapped Types)

映射类型允许您采用现有模型并将其每个属性转换为新类型。请注意,前面介绍的某些实用程序类型也是映射类型

type StringMap<T> = { [P in keyof T]: string } interface T { id: number name: string } function showType(arg: StringMap<T>) { console.log(arg) } showType({id: 10, name: "lxy"}) // 编译错误 Type 'number' is not assignable to type 'string'. showType({id: "10", name: "lxy"}) // Output {id: "10", name: "lxy"}

模拟实现部分Utility Types

type Readonly<T> = { readonly [P in keyof T]: T[P]; } type Partial<T> = { [P in keyof T]?: T[P]; }

索引类型(Index Types)

使用索引类型,编译器就能够检查使用了动态属性名的代码。

function pluck<T, K extends keyof T>(o: T, name: K): T[K] { return o[name] } interface Person { name: string age: number } let person: Person = { name: "lxy", age: 28 } pluck(person, "name") // Output "lxy" pluck(person, "address") // 编译错误 Argument of type '"address"' is not assignable to parameter of type '"name" | "age"'.

条件类型(Conditional Types)

它检查两种类型,并根据检查的结果选择其中一种。

type NonNullable<T> = T extends null | undefined ? never : T

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